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ABSTRACT Introduction: During basketball, players' movements represent a reaction to an unpredictable single or complex external stimulus (nonplanned agility). Objective: The present study aimed to compare the test of nonplanned agility to the planned agility test and to increase the knowledge of perception, decision-making, anticipation, and motor abilities of female basketball players. Methods: Thirty-six female basketball players (age: 18.81 ± 2.58 years) performed The Reaction Time and Defensive Sliding Test (RTADST) on the first day and the T-test the following day. Results: there were no statistically significant correlations between the RTADST and T-test at the whole sample level or between perimeter and post players. The T-test and Fat % correlation is significant at the 0.05 level, while the other analyzed correlations were insignificant. Perimeter players achieved better results on the RTADST test. There were no significant differences between perimeter and post players on the T-test. Conclusion: The RTADST and T-test are testing different abilities. We recommend the use of the RTADST to coaches and conditioning experts. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic Study Investigating a Diagnostic Test.
RESUMEN Introducción: Durante el partido de baloncesto, los movimientos de los jugadores de baloncesto representan la reacción a un estímulo externo único o complejo impredecible (agilidad no planificada). Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar la prueba de agilidad no planificada con la prueba de agilidad planificada y aumentar el conocimiento sobre la percepción, la toma de decisiones, la anticipación y las habilidades motoras de las jugadoras de baloncesto. Métodos: Las treinta y seis jugadoras de baloncesto (de la edad: 18.81 ± 2.58 años) realizaron la Prueba de tiempo de reacción y deslizamiento defensivo (RTADST) el primer día y el siguiente día la prueba T. Resultados obtenidos: no hubo correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el RTADST y la prueba T, a nivel de toda la muestra ni entre jugadoras del perímetro y del poste. La correlación entre la prueba T y el % de Grasa es significativa al nivel de 0,05, mientras que el resto de las correlaciones analizadas no resultaron significativas. Las jugadoras del perímetro lograron mejores resultados en la prueba RTADST. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las jugadoras del perímetro y las del poste en la prueba T. Conclusión: El RTADST y la prueba T están probando habilidades diferentes. Recomendamos el uso del RTADST a entrenadores y expertos en acondicionamiento. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio de Diagnóstico que Investiga una Prueba Diagnóstica.
RESUMO Introdução: Durante o basquete, os movimentos dos jogadores representam uma reação a um estímulo externo imprevisível, simples ou complexo (agilidade não planejada). Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar o teste de agilidade não planejada com o teste de agilidade planejada no intuito de aumentar o conhecimento sobre percepção, tomada de decisão, antecipação e habilidades motoras em jogadoras de basquete. Métodos: Trinta e seis jogadoras de basquete (idade: 18,81 ± 2,58 anos) realizaram o Teste de Tempo de Reação e Deslizamento Defensivo (RTADST) no primeiro dia e o Teste T no dia seguinte. Resultados: não houve correlações estatisticamente significativas entre o RTADST e o teste T em toda a amostra ou entre jogadores de perímetro e de poste. A correlação entre o teste T e o percentual de gordura é significativa no nível de 0,05, enquanto as outras correlações analisadas foram insignificantes. Os jogadores de perímetro obtiveram melhores resultados no teste RTADST. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os jogadores de perímetro e de poste no teste T. Conclusões: O RTADST e o teste T estão testando habilidades diferentes. Recomendamos o uso do RTADST para treinadores e especialistas em condicionamento físico. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo de Diagnóstico que Investiga um Teste de Diagnóstico.
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Background: Tobacco consumption is the primary cause for cancers in men and women in India. Second hand smoking also has toxins in the similar concentration affecting children in particular leading to many health-related conditions including neurological disorders. The present study was done with the hypothesis that passive smoking in children causes delay in their reaction time when compared to the children of non-smokers which indicates cognition deficit. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) Comparison of the visual simple reaction time (VSRT) and visual choice reaction time (VCRT) among the children of chronic smokers and non-smokers and (2) to compare the auditory simple reaction time (ASRT) and auditory choice reaction time (ACRT) among the children of chronic smokers and non-smokers. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. After obtaining necessary permission and consents, 30 children aged between 8 and 14 years with exposure to passive smoking as cases and 30 children of non-smoking parents as controls were included in the study. Audio-visual reaction timer was used. Results: Student’s “t” test was used for analysis. Mean value of VSRT showed 248.3 ms among controls and 277.7 ms in cases; VCRT among controls was 277.4 ms and 309.1 ms in cases (P < 0.05). Means of ASRT in controls was 213 ms and 250.4 in cases; ACRT in controls was 244 ms and among cases was 272.4 ms (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Significant delay in VSRT, VCRT, and ASRT was seen among the children exposed to tobacco smoke. ACRT also showed delayed response but not statistically significant.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Table tennis is demanding in terms of athletes' physical fitness and muscular responsiveness. Excellent physical fitness is important to ensure a high technical level. It can also play an essential role in injury prevention. Objective: Explore the correlation between table tennis players' movements and their displacements. Methods: Volunteer professional competitors underwent a private 16-week quality speed training program. In this experiment, athletes had their speed analyzed before and after training. Mathematical and statistical analyses were performed on the collected data. Some discussions are made to improve the reflex ability of the athletes. Results: The table tennis players' physical fitness and action response capacity were explored. After physical exercise, the players' reflex ability improved. There were statistically significant differences in the data (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results show that special training improves athletes' reaction speed, endurance, strength, coordination, and flexibility. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
RESUMO Introdução: O tênis de mesa é um esporte exigente quanto à aptidão física e à capacidade de resposta muscular do atleta. A excelente aptidão física é importante para assegurar o elevado nível técnico. Também pode desempenhar um papel essencial na prevenção de lesões. Objetivo: Explorar a correlação entre os movimentos dos jogadores de tênis de mesa e seus deslocamentos. Métodos: Competidores profissionais voluntários foram submetidos a um programa particular de treinamento de qualidade de velocidade com 16 semanas de duração. Nesta experiência, os atletas tiveram sua velocidade analisada antes e depois do treinamento. Análises matemáticas e estatísticas foram realizadas sobre os dados coletados. Algumas discussões são feitas para melhorar a capacidade no reflexo dos atletas. Resultados: Explorou-se a aptidão física dos jogadores de tênis de mesa e a capacidade de resposta à ação. Após o exercício físico, a capacidade de reflexão dos jogadores melhorou. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos dados (P<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados mostram que o treinamento especial desenvolvido melhora a velocidade de reação dos atletas, a resistência, a força, a coordenação e a flexibilidade. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
RESUMEN Introducción: El tenis de mesa es un deporte exigente en cuanto a la forma física y la capacidad de respuesta muscular del deportista. Una excelente forma física es importante para garantizar el alto nivel técnico. También puede desempeñar un papel esencial en la prevención de lesiones. Objetivo: Explorar la correlación entre los movimientos de los jugadores de tenis de mesa y sus desplazamientos. Métodos: Se sometió a competidores profesionales voluntarios a un programa de entrenamiento de calidad de velocidad particular de 16 semanas de duración. En este experimento, se analizó la velocidad de los atletas antes y después del entrenamiento. Se realizaron análisis matemáticos y estadísticos de los datos recogidos. Se hacen algunas discusiones para mejorar la capacidad en el reflejo de los atletas. Resultados: Se exploró la aptitud física y la capacidad de respuesta a la acción de los jugadores de tenis de mesa. Tras el ejercicio físico, la capacidad de reflejo de los jugadores mejoró. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los datos (P<0,05). Conclusión: Los resultados muestran que el entrenamiento especial desarrollado mejora la velocidad de reacción, la resistencia, la fuerza, la coordinación y la flexibilidad de los atletas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
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Abstract Background The saccadic eye movement is responsible for providing focus to a visual object of interest to the retina. In sports like volleyball, identifying relevant targets quickly is essential to a masterful performance. The training improves cortical regions underlying saccadic action, enabling more automated processing in athletes. Objective We investigated changes in the latency during the saccadic eye movement and the absolute theta power on the frontal and prefrontal cortices during the execution of the saccadic eye movement task in volleyball athletes and non-athletes. We hypothesized that the saccade latency and theta power would be lower due to training and perceptual-cognitive enhancement in volleyball players. Methods We recruited 30 healthy volunteers: 15 volleyball athletes (11 men and 4 women; mean age: 15.08 ± 1.06 years) and 15 non-athletes (5 men and 10 women; mean age: 18.00 ± 1.46 years). All tasks were performed simultaneously with electroencephalography signal recording. Results The latency of the saccadic eye movement presented a significant difference between the groups; a shorter time was observed among the athletes, associated with the players' superiority in terms of attention level. During the experiment, the athletes observed a decrease in absolute theta power compared to non-athletes on the electrodes of each frontal and prefrontal area. Conclusion In the present study, we observed the behavior of reaction time and absolute theta power in athletes and non-athletes during a saccadic movement task. Our findings corroborate the premise of cognitive improvement, mainly due to the reduction of saccadic latency and lower beta power, validating the neural efficiency hypothesis.
Resumo Antecedentes O movimento ocular sacádico é responsável por dar foco a um objeto visual de interesse para a retina. Em esportes como o vôlei, identificar alvos relevantes o mais rápido possível é essencial para se ter um desempenho magistral. O treinamento melhora as regiões corticais subjacentes à ação sacádica, e permite um processamento mais automatizado em atletas. Objetivo Investigamos as mudanças na latência durante o movimento ocular sacádico e a potência teta absoluta nos córtices frontal e pré-frontal durante a execução da tarefa de movimento ocular sacádico em atletas e não atletas de voleibol. Nossa hipótese é a de que a latência sacádica e a potência teta seriam menores em atletas devido ao treinamento e ao aprimoramento perceptivo-cognitivo em jogadores de voleibol. Métodos Ao todo, 30 voluntários saudáveis foram recrutados para este estudo: 15 atletas de voleibol (11 homens e 4 mulheres; idade média: 15,08 ± 1,06 anos) e 15 não atletas (5 homens e 10 mulheres; idade média: 18,00 ± 1,46 anos). Todas as tarefas foram realizadas simultaneamente com o registro do sinal eletroencefalográfico. Resultados O resultado da latência do movimento ocular sacádico apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos, sendo observado menor tempo entre os atletas, associado à superioridade dos jogadores em termos de nível de atenção. Durante o experimento, nos eletrodos de cada área frontal e pré-frontal, observou-se uma diminuição na potência teta absoluta nos atletas em comparação aos não atletas. Conclusão Neste estudo, observou-se o comportamento do tempo de reação e da potência teta absoluta em atletas e não atletas durante uma tarefa de movimento sacádico. Nossos achados corroboram a premissa de melhora cognitiva, principalmente pela redução da latência sacádica e menor potência beta, o que valida a hipótese de eficiência neural.
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Introducción. El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo que provoca déficits en áreas cognitivas y motoras y es causado por varios mecanismos, entre ellos la regulación epigenética. Los procesos epigenéticos pueden verse influenciados por factores ambientales como el ejercicio físico. Objetivo. Analizar el efecto de un programa de ejercicio físico aeróbico (EFA) en el tiempo de reacción simple (TRS) y la metilación del ADN de la isla 2 del gen SHANK3 en niños con TEA. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cuasiexperimental realizado con un grupo de 9 niños (7-11 años) con TEA, que participaron en un programa de EFA de 10 semanas. Las diferencias en el TRS y la metilación de ADN fueron analizadas mediante la prueba de Kruskall-Wallis, considerando un nivel de significancia de p<0.05.Resultados. La mediana del TRS disminuyó después del programa de entrenamiento. Sin embargo, no se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0.53). Se observó un patrón de hipermetilación en 11 de los dinucleótidos, tanto antes como después del entrenamiento, y se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la posición CpG108 (p=0.032). Conclusión. Un programa de entrenamiento basado en EFA de intensidad moderada a vigorosa tiene el potencial de modificar el TRS y la metilación del ADN en niños con TEA. No obstante, es necesario realizar nuevos estudios con muestras más grandes y en los que se analicen más genes, para corroborar los resultados aquí descritos y fortalecer el conocimiento sobre el efecto del ejercicio en los procesos epigenéticos de esta población
Introduction. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that produces cognitive and motor deficits and it is caused by several mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation. Epigenetic processes can be influenced by environ-mental factors such as physical exercise.Objective. To analyze the effect of an aerobic physical exercise (APE) program on simple reaction time (SRT) and DNA methylation of island 2 of the SHANK3 gene in children with ASD.Materials and methods. A quasi-experimental study was carried out on a group of 9 children (7-11 years old) with ASD, who participated in a 10-week APE program. Differences in SRT and DNA methylation were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis test by considering a significance level p<0.05.Results. The median SRT decreased after the training program. However, no sta-tistically significant difference was found (p = 0.53). A pattern of hypermethylation was observed in 11 dinucleotides, both before and after training, and a statistically significant difference was found in the CpG108 position (p = 0.032).Conclusion. A moderate to vigorous intensity of APE program has the potential to modify SRT and DNA methylation in children with ASD. However, it requires further studies with larger samples in which more genes are analyzed, to corroborate the results described here and strengthen knowledge about the effect of exercise on the epigenetic processes of this population
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Chinese boxing demands the maximum potential from its practitioners. The quality of executions of single or multiple punches depends on adequate strength training, and the quality of speed is a crucial factor for victory in Chinese boxing competitions. Objective: Explore the effects of strength training on the speed of punches in Chinese boxing athletes. Methods: Eighteen Chinese boxers were selected by random sampling. The competitors perform functional exercises directed at strength training for ten weeks. Several key points of sports aerobics were comprehensively evaluated. Mathematical and statistical methods were applied in processing the data before and after the intervention. Results: The speed quality of Chinese boxing practitioners after strength training was statistically beneficial (P<0.05). Only the particular qualities of strength did not show significant differences among the four unique qualities of strength analyzed; there were significant differences among the other three abilities (P<0.05). Conclusion: The introduction of functional strength training into the physical training of high-level Chinese boxing athletes can significantly improve the quality of movement speed. Functional strength exercises are a safe and efficient form of exercise. This training protocol provides a good reference to compensate for the shortfall in conventional strength exercises. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
RESUMO Introdução: O boxe chinês exige o potencial máximo de seus praticantes. A qualidade das execuções de golpes únicos ou múltiplos dependem de um treinamento de força adequado, sendo a qualidade da velocidade um fator crucial para a vitória nas competições do boxe chinês. Objetivo: Explorar os efeitos do treinamento de força sobre a velocidade dos golpes em esportistas do boxe chinês. Métodos: Foram selecionados 18 praticantes de boxe chinês por amostragem aleatória. Os competidores realizam exercícios funcionais direcionados ao treinamento de força durante dez semanas. Foram avaliados abrangentemente vários pontos-chave da aeróbica esportiva. Foram aplicados os métodos matemáticos e estatísticos no processamento dos dados antes e após a intervenção. Resultados: A qualidade da velocidade dos praticantes de boxe chinês após o treinamento de força foi beneficiada estatisticamente (P<0,05). Somente as qualidades particulares de força não apresentaram diferença significativa entre as quatro qualidades únicas de força analisadas, havendo diferenças significativas entre as outras três habilidades (P<0,05). Conclusão: A introdução do treinamento de força funcional no treinamento físico dos atletas de boxe chinês de alto nível pode melhorar significativamente a qualidade de velocidade do movimento. Os exercícios de força funcional são uma forma segura e eficiente de exercício. Este protocolo de treinamento fornece uma boa referência para compensar a carência existente nos exercícios de força convencionais. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
RESUMEN Introducción: El boxeo chino exige el máximo potencial de sus practicantes. La calidad de las ejecuciones de golpes simples o múltiples depende de un adecuado entrenamiento de la fuerza, siendo la calidad de la velocidad un factor crucial para la victoria en las competiciones de boxeo chino. Objetivo: Explorar los efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la velocidad de los golpes en atletas de boxeo chino. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 18 practicantes de boxeo chino por muestreo aleatorio. Los competidores realizan ejercicios funcionales dirigidos al entrenamiento de la fuerza durante diez semanas. Se evaluaron exhaustivamente varios puntos clave del aeróbic deportivo. Se aplicaron métodos matemáticos y estadísticos para procesar los datos antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: La calidad de la velocidad de los practicantes de boxeo chino tras el entrenamiento de fuerza se vio beneficiada estadísticamente (P<0,05). Sólo las cualidades particulares de la fuerza no mostraron diferencias significativas entre las cuatro cualidades únicas de la fuerza analizadas, hubo diferencias significativas entre las otras tres habilidades (P<0,05). Conclusión: La introducción del entrenamiento de fuerza funcional en la preparación física de los atletas de boxeo chino de alto nivel puede mejorar significativamente la calidad de la velocidad de movimiento. Los ejercicios de fuerza funcional son una forma de ejercicio segura y eficaz. Este protocolo de entrenamiento proporciona una buena referencia para compensar las carencias existentes en los ejercicios de fuerza convencionales. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the individual factors of postural adjustment reaction time and movement time during adaptive equilibrium. MethodsFrom March to December, 2021, 126 healthy adults aged 18 to 80 years were recruited at the First Medical Center of the General Hospital of the Chinese PLA. The DE-A somatosensory balance detection system was used to detect their postural adjustment reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) as the platform tilting in multiple directions during standing (static) or walking (dynamic). The ages, genders, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity level of them were investigated. ResultsThe age was the only factor independently associated with dynamic RT and MT in all the directions (β > 0.632, P < 0.05). For static MT, as the platform tilting forward, physical activity level (β = -0.143, P < 0.05), BMI (β = 0.154, P < 0.05) and age (β = 0.663, P < 0.05) were the independently associated factors; as the platform tilting leftward, gender (β = -0.173, P < 0.05) and age (β = 0.647, P < 0.05) were the independently associated factors; and age was the only independently associated factor for other directions (β > 0.571, P < 0.05). For the static RT, age was the only independently associated factor for all the directions (β > 0.615, P < 0.05). ConclusionAge is the most important independently factor related to postural adjustment during adaptive equilibrium, and aging may delay the postural adjustment after instability.
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ObjectiveTo compare the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular training methods on pain and motor ability of knee in patients with early knee osteoarthritis (KOA) . MethodsFrom November, 2022 to May, 2023, 60 early KOA patients from Beijing Bo'ai Hospital and community were randomly divided into groups A, B and C, with 20 patients in each group. Group A received proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), group B received neuromuscular exercise (NEMEX), and group C received PNF and NEMEX, for six weeks. They were assessed with Visual Analogue Scale for pain (VAS), angle reappearance test, difference of pre-motor reaction time (VM-VL), active range of motion (AROM) of knee flexion, 10-meter walk test (10MWT), and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) before and after treatment. ResultsAll the indexes improved in all the groups after treatment (|t| > 2.532, P < 0.05). Among the groups, the VAS score was the least in group A, and then groups C and B; the angle reappearance error was the least in group C, and similar in groups A and B; the VM-VL was the least in groups A and C, followed by group B. ConclusionPNF, NEMEX and PNF+NEMEX can relieve the pain and improve the motor function of knee in patients with early KOA, however, PNF is the most effective on relieving pain, and PNF+NEMEX is the most effective on improving knee function.
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@#Participation in exercise benefits health and fitness among Intellectual Disability (ID) individuals. Circuit training is one of the exercise programme that can be tailored by manipulating the intensity, time and types of exercise. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of six weeks of circuit training on anaerobic fitness and simple reaction time in ID individuals. Thirty participants with mild to moderate ID were selected from individuals who are registered with the Pusat Pemulihan dalam Komuniti (PDK) and Yayasan Orang Kurang Upaya (YOKUK) in the Kelantan state. Participants were randomly divided into Circuit Training and Control groups. Participants in Circuit Training group followed a circuit training exercise programme, two times per week for six weeks, whereas participants in Control group were not involved in circuit training and carried out their regular activities. The anaerobic peak power was significantly decreased (ƿ < 0.001) in Control group after six weeks. The anaerobic power of post-test was significantly improved (ƿ = 0.042) from the pre-test in Circuit Training group and it was also significantly higher (ƿ = 0.001) than Control group. There were no significant differences for the anaerobic capacity and simple reaction time between and within groups. Circuit training can be conducted to enhance anaerobic power in ID individuals, however longer participation may be needed to improve anaerobic capacity and simple reaction time.
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Background: Music is believed to affect the cognitive function. However, there is conflicting evidence about the effect of background music on the same. Few studies have been done on the effect of instrumental music on cognition. Aim and Objective: The aim of our study was to study the effect of low-volume instrumental music on visual reaction time (RT). Materials and Methods: Visual RT (simple reaction time [SRT] and choice reaction time [CRT]) using Deary–Liewald software was recorded in 48 medical students aged 18–21 years, without, and then with low-volume background instrumental flute music. Results were compared with regard to change in mean values of SRT, CRT, and mean central processing time. Data were analyzed statistically using unpaired t-test and statistical significance (P < 0.05) was sought. Results: We did not find any statistically significant change in visual RT after subjecting the students to low-volume background instrumental music. Conclusion: Background instrumental does not significantly affect visual RT but this should be further analyzed.
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Background: Smartphones, PC, tablets, and TV have become integral parts of our lives. The smartphone in particular is the lifeline of everyone, regardless of their age group. Overuse of smartphones is increasing, resulting in a great deal of physical and psychological effects. It is found to negatively impact health and increase the risk of stress, depression, and anxiety. In addition to this, sleep disorders, restlessness, and fatigue are also being reported which can lead to cognitive impairment. The reaction time (RT) is the interval between the application of a stimulus and the response. It is an indication of neural processing between a stimulus and the response which is expressed in milliseconds. Aims and Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to estimate screen time, auditory and visual RTs, and the association between screen time and RT (visual reaction time [VRT] and auditory reaction time [ART]). Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 1st year MBBS students in the age group of 18–23 years. Average screen time was noted from their respective gadgets. RT for the targeted stimulus, yellow light for the VRT and beep sound for the ART, was determined using the Biochart application system by Biostar Health care (Computer software) on the laptop. The task was to press the space bar as soon as the stimulus was presented. Average RT for both the stimuli (ART and VRT) were calculated using ten readings for each. Data obtained were analyzed. Results: Our study shows that ART is faster than VRT for both males and females. Screen time with VRT has a moderate positive significant relationship (P < 0.001), while for the ART, it has a weak positive relation. Conclusion: Based on our findings, it can be concluded that there is a positive correlation between screen time and RT. Screen time alone has a 21% effect on the RT as per our study. It also suggests that ART is faster than VRT. The females have a higher RT than the males in a similar age group.
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Background: One of the most common endocrine disease is hypothyroidism which is usually associated with mental retardation, lack of concentration, motor dysfunction, memory deficits, visual, and hearing impairment. These symptoms suggest the involvement of nervous system, where the processing efficiency and sensory motor association is affected, which can be assessed by reaction time. Aims and Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the auditory reaction time in controls, newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients and in hypothyroid patients after attaining euthyroid status. Materials and Methods: Auditory reaction time was recorded from 35 subjects from general population, who formed the control group and 35 newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients who were selected from OBG and Medicine department, RRMCH, Bangalore. These patients were followed up and reaction time recording was repeated after they attained euthyroid status. Results: Statistically significant increase in ART values was observed in newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients compared to controls. The values were significantly reduced in hypothyroid patients after the treatment on attaining euthyroid status. There was no significant difference in both ART values between controls and hypothyroid patients after the treatment on attaining euthyroid status. Conclusion: The present study showed a significantly prolonged auditory reaction time in hypothyroid patients which improved with treatment. We also demonstrated a positive correlation between ART and thyroid stimulating hormone levels. Hence, we conclude that auditory reaction time tests could be added to the routine thyroid dysfunction tests to know the early recognition of the neuronal involvement, prompt treatment, and assess prognosis of hypothyroid patients.Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GMERS Medical College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GMERS Medical College, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
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ABSTRACT Assessment of cognitive processing speed through choice reaction time (CRT) can be an objective tool to assess cognitive functions after COVID-19 infection. Objective: This study aimed to assess CRT in individuals after acute COVID-19 infection over 1 year. Methods: We prospectively analyzed 30 individuals (male: 9, female: 21) with mild-moderate functional status after COVID-19 and 30 individuals (male: 8, female: 22) without COVID-19. Cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms were evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), respectively. CRT (milliseconds) was evaluated by finding the difference between the photodiode signal and the electromyographic (EMG) onset latency of anterior deltoid, brachial biceps, and triceps during the task of reaching a luminous target. CRT was evaluated three times over 1 year after COVID-19: baseline assessment (>4 weeks of COVID-19 diagnosis), between 3 and 6 months, and between 6 and 12 months. Results: The multiple comparison analysis shows CRT reduction of the anterior deltoid in the COVID-19 group at 3-6 (p=0.001) and 6-12 months (p<0.001) compared to the control group. We also observed CRT reduction of the triceps at 6-12 months (p=0.002) and brachial biceps at 0-3 (p<0.001), 3-6 (p<0.001), and 6-12 months (p<0.001) in the COVID-19 compared to the control group. Moderate correlations were observed between MoCA and CRT of the anterior deltoid (r=-0.63; p=0.002) and brachial biceps (r=-0.67; p=0.001) at 6-12 months in the COVID-19 group. Conclusions: There was a reduction in CRT after acute COVID-19 over 1 year. A negative correlation was also observed between MoCA and CRT only from 6 to 12 months after COVID-19 infection.
RESUMO A avaliação da velocidade de processamento cognitivo por meio do tempo de reação de escolha (TRE) pode ser uma ferramenta objetiva para acompanhar as alterações cognitivas após a COVID-19. Objetivo: Avaliar o TRE em pacientes após infecção aguda por COVID-19 ao longo de um ano. Métodos: Foram avaliados 30 indivíduos (sexo masculino: nove; feminino: 21) com estado funcional leve-moderado após infecção por COVID-19 e 30 (sexo masculino: oito; feminino: 22) sem COVID-19. A avaliação foi feita pelo Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) e pela Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão. O TRE (milissegundos) foi avaliado pela diferença entre o sinal luminoso e a latência de início da atividade muscular (EMG) do deltoide anterior (DA), do bíceps braquial (BB) e do tríceps durante uma tarefa de alcance. O TRE foi avaliado ao longo de um ano: avaliação inicial (>4 semanas após diagnóstico de COVID-19), em 3-6 meses e em 6-12 meses. Resultados: Houve redução do TRE do DA no grupo COVID-19 em 3-6 meses (p=0,001) e 6-12 meses (p<0,001) em comparação com o grupo de controle. Também foi observada redução na TRE do tríceps em 6-12 meses (p=0,002) e do BB em 0-3 meses (p<0,001), 3-6 meses (p<0,001) e 6-12 meses (p<0,001) no grupo COVID-19 em comparação com o grupo de controle. Correlações moderadas foram observadas entre MoCA e TRE do DA (r=-0,63; p=0,002) e BB (r=-0,67; p=0,001) aos 6-12 meses no grupo COVID-19. Conclusões: Houve redução do TRE após COVID-19 ao longo de um ano, além de correlação negativa entre MoCA e TRE no período de seis a 12 meses após COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cognitive Dysfunction , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Objetivo: analisar o indicador tempo resposta do serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência, referente aos chamados para agravos clínicos e traumáticos que resultaram em atendimento pré-hospitalar e avaliar o indicador tempo resposta de deslocamento da equipe até o local da ocorrência e o tempo de deslocamento até o serviço intra-hospitalar. Método: concerniu em uma estratégia de pesquisa de campo do tipo longitudinal e retrospectiva, na qual analisou-se os dados referentes ao tempo resposta despendido em cada fase do atendimento das ocorrências, constituída por 336 fichas de ocorrências no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade Integral Diferencial sob o número CAAE: 27613219.1.0000.5211 e parecer de número 3.948.907. Resultados: evidenciou-se que o tempo resposta do serviço analisado possui uma média de 46,18 minutos para os atendimentos dos chamados rurais, e 14,74 minutos para a zona rural. Conclusão: o tempo resposta em análise perpassa os valores admitidos como ideais.(AU)
Objective: to analyze the response time indicator of the mobile emergency care service, referring to calls for clinical and traumatic injuries that resulted in pre-hospital care and to evaluate the response time indicator of the team's displacement to the place of occurrence and the displacement time to the in-hospital service. Method: it concerned a longitudinal and retrospective field research strategy, in which data referring to the response time spent in each phase of the attendance of occurrences were analyzed, consisting of 336 occurrence records in the period from January to December 2019 The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculdade Integral Diferencial under number CAAE: 27613219.1.0000.5211 and opinion number 3,948,907. Results: it was evidenced that the response time of the analyzed service has an average of 46.18 minutes for the attendance of rural calls, and 14.74 minutes for the rural area. Conclusion: the response time under analysis goes beyond the values accepted as ideal.(AU)
Objetivo: analizar el indicador de tiempo de respuesta del servicio de atención móvil de emergencia, referente a las llamadas por lesiones clínicas y traumáticas que resultaron en atención prehospitalaria y evaluar el indicador de tiempo de respuesta del desplazamiento del equipo al lugar de ocurrencia y el tiempo de desplazamiento al servicio hospitalario. Método: se trató de una estrategia de investigación de campo longitudinal y retrospectiva, en la que se analizaron datos referentes al tiempo de respuesta empleado en cada fase de la atención de ocurrencias, constituidos por 336 registros de ocurrencia en el período de enero a diciembre de 2019. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Faculdade Integral Diferencial bajo el número CAAE: 27613219.1.0000.5211 y dictamen número 3.948.907. Resultados: se evidenció que el tiempo de respuesta del servicio analizado tiene un promedio de 46,18 minutos para la atención de llamadas rurales, y 14,74 minutos para la zona rural. Conclusión: el tiempo de respuesta bajo análisis va más allá de los valores aceptados como ideales.(AU)
Subject(s)
Reaction Time , Emergency Medical Services , Health Services ResearchABSTRACT
Background: The reaction time (RT) of an organism refers to how quickly it reacts to a stimuli. The rate at which the central nervous system analyses sensory data and then executes it as a motor response is measured by RT. The human body responds to different sensory modalities in different ways and at different rates. This is critical in both routine and emergency situations. Gender, age, physical fitness, level of exhaustion, distraction, and alcohol have all been shown to influence RT. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the visual RT of first phase MBBS and BDS students to red and green colors. Materials and Methods: Following ethical approval, 250 first phase medical students, ranging in age from 17 to 20, were selected, and all participants provided written informed consent. Anand Agencies Pune designed an audiovisual RT gadget that was utilized to collect visual response time (VRT). The unpaired t-test was performed to assess the data statistically. Results: The individuals’ VRT for the colors Red (R) (Mean: 0.199 s) and Green (G) (Mean: 0.218 s) were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In addition, the variance of VRT in men (Mean: [R] 0.192 s, [G] 0.206 s) was significantly greater than in females (Mean: [R] 0.209 s, [G] 0.226 s; P < 0.001). The results were tallied and examined statistically. Conclusion: As a result of our research, we discovered that the VRT for green was significantly greater than that of red. This might be due to the fact that green takes longer to process than red. Males react to stimuli faster than females.
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ABSTRACT Background Reaction time is affected under different neurological conditions but has not been much investigated considering all types of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Objective This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of CompCog, a computerized cognitive screening battery focusing on reaction time measurements. Methods A sample of 52 older adults underwent neuropsychological assessments, including CompCog, and medical appointments, to be classified as a control group or be diagnosed with MCI. The accuracy of CompCog for distinguishing between the two groups was calculated. Results The results from diagnostic accuracy analyses showed that the AUCs of ROC curves were as high as 0.915 (CI 0.837-0.993). The subtest with the highest sensitivity and specificity (choice reaction time subtest) had 91.7% sensitivity and 89.3% specificity. The logistic regression final model correctly classified 92.3% of individuals, with 92.9% specificity and 91.7% sensitivity, and included only four variables from different subtests. Conclusions In summary, the study showed that reaction time assessed through CompCog is a good screening measure to differentiate between normal aging and MCI. Reaction time measurements in milliseconds were more accurate than correct answers. This test can form part of routine clinical tests to achieve the objectives of screening for MCI, indicating further procedures for investigation and diagnosis and planning interventions.
RESUMO Antecedentes O tempo de reação é afetado em diferentes condições neurológicas, mas não foi muito investigado considerando todos os tipos de comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL). Objetivo Este estudo investigou a acurácia diagnóstica do CompCog, uma bateria computadorizada de rastreio cognitivo focada em medidas de tempo de reação. Métodos Uma amostra de 52 idosos passou por uma avaliação neuropsicológica, incluindo o CompCog, e uma consulta médica para serem classificados como grupo controle ou serem diagnósticos com CCL. A acurácia do teste para distinguir entre os dois grupos foi calculada. Resultados Os resultados das análises de acurácia diagnóstica mostraram AUC das curvas ROC tão altas quanto 0,915 (CI 0,837-0,993). O subteste com maior sensibilidade e especificidade - subteste de tempo de reação de escolha - apresentou sensibilidade de 91,7% e especificidade de 89,3%. O modelo final de regressão logística classificou corretamente 92,3% dos indivíduos, com especificidade de 92,9% e sensibilidade de 91,7%, e incluiu apenas 4 variáveis de diferentes subtestes. Conclusões Em resumo, o estudo mostrou que o tempo de reação avaliado pelo CompCog é uma boa medida de rastreio para diferenciar entre envelhecimento normal e CCL. Medidas de tempo de reação em milissegundos se mostraram melhores que o número de respostas corretas. O teste pode fazer parte de testes clínicos de rotina para atingir o objetivo de rastrear o CCL, indicar outros procedimentos para investigação e diagnóstico e planejar intervenções.
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Background: Reaction time refers to elapsed time between a given stimulus to an individual and its subsequent rapid voluntary response by the same individual. Mostly, it depends on processing of the stimulus, decision-making, and response programming. Aim and Objective: This study aims to see the effect of vision on auditory reaction time. Materials and Methods: For this study, two groups of subjects were taken. The first group contained 150 blind subjects and the second group contained 181 normal sighted subjects. Estimation of simple and choice auditory reaction time was done with the help of multiple-choice reaction time apparatus received from Inco Ambala Ltd. in sitting position. It has an accuracy of ±0.001 s. Three times auditory stimulus was given to each subject to record the reaction time. The minimum recorded time interval to the voluntary response was taken as final reading in each subject. Results: In this study, the blind subjects showed a mean simple and choice reaction time of 148.84 ± 14.43 and 304 ± 29.54, respectively, while the blindfolded normal subjects showed a mean simple and choice reaction time of 153.80 ± 15.84 and 314.19 ± 31.81, respectively. These were found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: Blind individuals commonly utilize tactual and auditory cues for information and orientation and they reliance on touch and audition, together with more practice in using these modalities to guide behavior, are often reflected in better performance of blind relative to sighted participants in tactile or auditory discrimination tasks.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Taekwondo is a skill-oriented confrontational event. Athletes' physical fitness and flexible changes in skills and tactics have become the cornerstone of athletes' victory. Objective: The objective was to explore the influence of strength training on the reaction speed of boxing athletes. Method: 8 master-class Taekwondo athletes, 16 first-class Taekwondo athletes, and 30 second-class Taekwondo athletes from a particular province were selected as Group A, B, and C. The control groups were Group A1, B1, and C1. Results: Group B athletes showed significant changes in 15s front kick and 15s high leg lift. Group C athletes showed highly significant differences in rapid strength. After the traditional fast strength training in the control group, all the Group C1 had significant changes in the test. However, Group B1 athletes only had substantial changes in 15s down split and 15s front kick. There was no significant change in all indexes of Group A1 athletes before and after the experiment. Conclusion: The analysis of experimental data shows that core strength training significantly improves the reaction speed of Taekwondo athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
RESUMO Introdução: O Taekwondo é um evento de confronto orientado para a habilidade. A condição física dos atletas e as alterações na flexibilidade das habilidades e táticas tornam-se a pedra angular para a vitória dos atletas. Objetivo: O objetivo desse artigo foi explorar a influência do treinamento de força sobre a velocidade de reação dos atletas de taekwondo. Método: 8 atletas de Taekwondo de classe mestre, 16 atletas de Taekwondo de primeira classe e 30 atletas de Taekwondo de segunda classe de uma determinada província foram selecionados como grupos A, B e C. Os grupos de controle foram os grupos A1, B1 e C1. Foram consultados 12 especialistas sêniores da modalidade para auxiliarem na elaboração de um protocolo de treinamento rápido de força, embasado nos achados científicos e posto em prova durante 6 meses. As inferências estatísticas foram obtidas com o software SPSS19.0 para classificar, contar e analisar os dados obtidos no experimento. Resultados: Os atletas do Grupo B apresentaram mudanças significativas de chute frontal e na altura de elevação das pernas. Os atletas do Grupo C mostraram mudanças altamente significativas em força rápida. Após o tradicional treinamento de força rápida no grupo de controle, todos os atletas do Grupo C1 tiveram mudanças significativas no teste. Entretanto, os atletas do Grupo B1 tiveram mudanças significativas apenas nos chutes frontais para baixo e para cima. Não houve mudanças significativas em todos os índices dos atletas do Grupo A1 antes e depois da experiência. Conclusão: A análise dos dados experimentais mostra que o treinamento de força central melhora significativamente a velocidade de reação dos atletas de Taekwondo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
RESUMEN Introducción: El taekwondo es un evento de confrontación orientado a la habilidad. La condición física de los atletas y los cambios flexibles en las habilidades y tácticas se han convertido en la piedra angular de la victoria de los atletas. Objetivo: El objetivo de este artículo era explorar la influencia del entrenamiento de fuerza en la velocidad de reacción de los atletas de taekwondo. Método: se seleccionaron 8 atletas de taekwondo de clase magistral, 16 atletas de taekwondo de primera clase y 30 atletas de taekwondo de segunda clase de una determinada provincia como grupos A, B y C. Los grupos de control fueron los grupos A1, B1 y C1. Se consultó a doce expertos de alto nivel en este deporte para que colaboraran en la elaboración de un protocolo de entrenamiento de fuerza rápido, basado en los hallazgos científicos y puesto a prueba durante 6 meses. Las inferencias estadísticas se obtuvieron utilizando el software SPSS19.0 para ordenar, contar y analizar los datos obtenidos en el experimento. Resultados: Los atletas del grupo B mostraron cambios significativos en la patada frontal y en la altura de elevación de las piernas. Los atletas del grupo C mostraron cambios muy significativos en la fuerza rápida. Después del entrenamiento de fuerza rápida tradicional en el grupo de control, todos los atletas del grupo C1 tuvieron cambios significativos en la prueba. Sin embargo, los atletas del Grupo B1 sólo presentaron cambios significativos en las patadas frontales hacia abajo y hacia arriba. No hubo cambios significativos en todos los índices de los atletas del Grupo A1 antes y después del experimento. Conclusión: El análisis de los datos experimentales muestra que el entrenamiento de la fuerza central mejora significativamente la velocidad de reacción de los atletas de taekwondo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: By observing the characteristics of the development of competitive tennis in the world, it is not difficult to find that tennis requires extremely fast reaction times from players. Objective: To explore the relationship between athlete's reaction time and different training methods. Methods: 48 outstanding female tennis players were selected. They received four weeks of regular training (from March 2 to March 28, 2020) and two weeks before the competition (from June 8 to June 20, 2020). After the training, the Omega Wave system was used for testing, and urine samples were taken for catecholamine testing. Results: In the test of 48 people before the competition, 30 people experienced central fatigue, from which 24 people (80%) were in the regular training stage, and only six people (20%) were in the training stage before the competition. HRV indicators: In the regular training stage, the results of time-domain indicators such as SDNN (NN interval standard deviation), SDSD (NN interval difference standard deviation), RMSSD (NN interval difference root mean square), and frequency-domain indicators such as LF (low frequency) and HF (high frequency) in the second and third week of the athletes were lower than those in the first and fourth week, showing the characteristics of first falling and then rising. However, there was no significant change. Conclusion: Different training methods can improve athletes› competitive level and reaction speed. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
RESUMO Introdução: Observando-se as características do desenvolvimento do tênis competitivo ao redor do mundo, não é difícil perceber que o tênis exige reações extremamente rápidas de seus jogadores. Objetivo: Explorar a relação entre o tempo de reação de atletas e diferentes métodos de treinamento. Métodos: 48 jogadoras de tênis de alto nível foram selecionadas. Elas receberam quatro semanas de treino regular (entre 2 de março e 28 de março de 2020), além de treinos nas duas semanas antes da competição (de 8 de junho a 20 de junho de 2020). Depois do treino, o sistema Omega Wave foi usado para examiná-las, e amostras de urina foram recolhidas para análise de catecolaminas. Resultados: No teste das 48 pessoas antes da competição, 30 sentiram fadiga central, dentre as quais 24 (80%) estavam na etapa regular de treinamentos e apenas 6 (20%) na etapa de treinamentos pré-competição. Indicadores HRV: na segunda e na terceira semana da etapa de treinamento regular, os atletas apresentaram resultados mais baixos nos indicadores do domínio tempo, tais como SDNN (desvio padrão do intervalo NN), SDSD (desvio padrão das diferenças no intervalo NN), RMSSD (valor eficaz da diferença do intervalo de NN), e nos indicadores do domínio frequência, tais como FB (frequência baixa) e FA (frequência alta). No entanto, na primeira e quarta semanas, os resultados foram mais altos, demonstrando uma queda seguida de aumento. Contudo, as mudanças não foram significativas. Conclusão: Métodos de treinamento diferentes podem melhorar o nível competitivo e o tempo de reação de atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação do resultado de tratamentos.
RESUMEN Introducción: Observando las características del desarrollo del tenis competitivo alrededor del mundo, no es difícil percibir que este deporte exige reacciones extremadamente rápidas de sus jugadores. Objetivo: Explorar la relación entre el tiempo de reacción de atletas y diferentes métodos de entrenamiento. Métodos: 48 jugadoras de tenis de alto nivel fueron seleccionadas. Ellas recibieron cuatro semanas de entrenamiento regular (entre 2 de marzo y 28 de marzo de 2020), además de entrenamientos en las dos semanas anteriores a la competición (del 8 de junio al 20 de junio de 2020). Después del entrenamiento, el sistema Omega Wave fue usado para examinarlas y fueron solicitadas muestras de orina para el análisis de catecolaminas. Resultados: En la prueba de las 48 personas antes de la competición, 30 sintieron fatiga central, entre las cuales 24 (80%) estaban en la etapa regular de entrenamientos y solo 6 (20%) en la etapa de entrenamientos pre competición. Indicadores HRV: en la segunda y en la tercera semana de la etapa de entrenamiento regular, los atletas presentaron resultados más bajos en los indicadores del dominio tiempo, tales como SDNN (desvío estándar del intervalo NN), SDSD (desvío estándar de las diferencias en el intervalo NN), RMRSSD (valor eficaz de la diferencia del intervalo de NN), y en los indicadores del dominio frecuencia, tales como FB (frecuencia baja) y FA (alta frecuencia). Sin embargo, en la primera y cuarta semanas, los resultados fueron más altos, demostrando una caída seguida de aumento. No obstante, los cambios no fueron significativos. Conclusión: Métodos de entrenamiento diferentes pueden mejorar el nivel competitivo y el tiempo de reacción de atletas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación del resultado de tratamientos.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Fencing is a combat sport with fierce confrontation and variations in offense and defense. To a certain extent, speed is the decisive factor in winning the game. Objective: To explore the influence of different training methods on the reaction time of fencers. Method: 20 fencers were selected and divided into three groups with different fencing levels, in addition to one control group. The experimental groups trained in three 10-minute sessions a week. The control group trained for 3 hours in the afternoons, from Monday to Saturday. Results: After training, the experimental group fencers showed a highly significant difference in the selective response to foot movement (t=4.004, P=0.001<0.01). The simple reaction test of the fencers in the control group improved slightly after training, but it was not statistically significant (t=2.223, P=0.09>0.05). In the selective reaction time test without foot movement, the reaction time of the control group was significantly lower after training (t=3.450, P=0.026<0.05). Conclusion: Regardless of the student›s fencing level, different training methods can significantly improve their reaction time. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
RESUMO Introdução: A esgrima é um esporte de combate em que ocorre um confronto intenso e variações no ataque e na defesa. Até certo ponto, a velocidade é o fator central para vitórias nesse esporte. Objetivo: Explorar a influência de diferentes métodos de treinamento no tempo de reação de esgrimistas. Método: 20 esgrimistas foram selecionados e divididos em três grupos, segundo seu nível de habilidade no esporte, além de um grupo controle. Os grupos experimentais treinaram em três sessões de 10 minutos por semana. O grupo controle treinou por três horas em todas as tardes de segunda a sábado. Resultados: Após seu treinamento, os esgrimistas do grupo experimental demonstraram uma diferença significativa na resposta seletiva do movimento dos pés (t=4,004, P=0,001<0,01). O teste de reação simples dos esgrimistas no grupo controle melhorou levemente após o treino, mas sem diferença estatisticamente significativa (t=2,223, P=0,09>0,05). No teste de tempo de reação seletiva, sem movimento dos pés, o tempo de reação do grupo controle foi significativamente menor após o treinamento (t=3,450, P=0,026<0,05). Conclusão: Independentemente do nível do estudante na esgrima, diferentes métodos de treinamento podem melhorar significativamente seu tempo de reação. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação do resultado de tratamentos.
RESUMEN Introducción: La esgrima es un deporte de combate en que ocurre un enfrentamiento intenso y variaciones en el ataque y en la defensa. Hasta cierto punto, la velocidad es el factor central para las victorias en este deporte. Objetivo: Explorar la influencia de diferentes métodos de entrenamiento en el tiempo de reacción de esgrimistas. Método: 20 esgrimistas fueron seleccionados y divididos en tres grupos, según su nivel de habilidad en el deporte, además de un grupo control. Los grupos experimentales entrenaron en tres sesiones de 10 minutos por semana. El grupo control entrenó por tres horas en todas las tardes de lunes a sábado. Resultados: Después de su entrenamiento, los esgrimistas del grupo experimental demostraron una diferencia significativa en la respuesta selectiva del movimiento de los pies (t=4,004, P=0,001<0,01). La prueba de reacción simple de los esgrimistas en el grupo control mejoró levemente después del entrenamiento, pero sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa (t=2,223, P=0,09>0,05). En la prueba de tiempo de reacción selectiva, sin movimiento de los pies, el tiempo de reacción del grupo control fue significativamente menor después del entrenamiento (t=3,450, P=0,026<0,05). Conclusión: Independientemente del nivel del estudiante en la esgrima, diferentes métodos de entrenamiento pueden mejorar significativamente su tiempo de reacción. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación del resultado de tratamientos.